Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses
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Item Bone mineral density varies throughout the skeleton of athletes dependent on their sport: Allometric modelling identifies the “effective” forces associated with body mass(Elsevier, 2025-04-22)Objective Bone mineral density (BMD) varies throughout the skeleton with the differences influenced by the type of sport, body mass and participant’s age. What is not so well understood is how body mass influences BMD across different sites. Design Proportional allometric modelling on cross-sectional data Method Male athletes (n = 106) from 8 different athletic groups and controls (n = 15) were scanned by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and analysed for total body composition and BMD of the ribs, arms, thoracic spine, lumber spine, pelvis and legs. Results ANOVA identified significant differences in BMD between “sites”, “sports” and site-by-sport interaction (all P < 0.001). By introducing body mass and age as covariates, the “sites” differences disappeared. The explanation is due to the systematic difference in body-mass exponents (ki), with lowest positioned sites (e.g. legs) having the steepest slopes, and the elevated sites (e.g. arms having the shallowest slopes. To illustrate, the arm-mass exponent was approximately 0.33 indicating that for a 75 kg male, arm BMD responds to forces associated with body mass = (75)0.33 = 5 kg. For the same individual, the leg-mass exponent was closer to 0.66 suggesting that leg BMD responds to forces associated with body mass = (75)0.66 = 25 kg. Conclusion The model for BMD identified that (body mass)ki plays a crucial role in determining the effective forces (both gravitational/ground reaction and compressional forces) operating throughout the skeleton, where ki systematically increases the lower the bone is situated, a mechanism that also explains why activities involving running benefit the leg BMD compared with weight-supported activities (e.g., rowing).Item Recent advances in carbon-based sensors for food and medical packaging under transit: a focus on humidity, temperature, mechanical, and multifunctional sensing technologies—a systematic review(MDPI, 2025-04-18)All carbon-based sensors play a critical role in ensuring the sustainability of smart packaging while enabling real-time monitoring of parameters such as humidity, temperature, pressure, and strain during transit. This systematic review covers the literature between 2013 and 16 November 2024 in the Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Wiley databases, focusing on carbon-based sensor materials, structural design, and fabrication technologies that contribute to maximizing the sensor performance and scalability with particular emphasis on food and pharmaceutical product packaging applications. After being subjected to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 164 studies were included in this review. The results show that most humidity sensors are made using graphene oxide (GO), though there is some progress toward cellulose and cellulose-based materials. Graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are predominant in temperature and mechanical sensors. The application of composites with structural design (e.g., porous and 3D structures) significantly improves sensitivity, long-term stability, and multifunctionality, whereas manufacturing methods such as spray coating and 3D printing further drive production scalability. The transition from metal to carbon-based electrodes could also reduce the cost. However, the scalability, long-term stability, and real-world validation remain challenges to be addressed. Future research should further enhance the performance and scalability of carbon-based sensors through low-energy fabrication techniques and the development of sustainable advanced materials to provide solutions for practical applications in dynamic transportation environments.Item Family literacies in a political moment: Newly arrived mothers and children in the United Kingdom and the affective entanglements of literacies with place, space and the body(UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, 2025-04-02)Item 3D printed titanium TPMS for personalised tibial bone implant(Elsevier, 2025-04-23)Porous titanium scaffolds offer hope for reducing stress shielding and encouraging new bone growth, moving the field closer to personalised load bearing implants. This study explores four triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) tibial scaffolds informed by Gyroid (GSC), Lidinoid (LSC), Diamond (DSC), and Schwartz Primitive (SSC) unit cells. These scaffolds were made using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) 3D printing, with a targeted porosity of 60 % to closely match the mechanical behaviour of natural tibial bone. Mechanical testing of these scaffolds revealed an elastic modulus of 10.42 to 13.62 GPa and compressive strengths ranging from 209 to 393 MPa, meeting the requirements for load-bearing tibial implants. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, AHP and TOPSIS, were applied to evaluate the designs, considering four favourable factors of relative importance in the order porosity>yield strength>elastic modulus>ultimate strength. This analysis identified SSC scaffold featuring Schwartz Primitive architecture as the most promising candidate for load-bearing applications. The biological compatibility of these scaffolds was also found to be equally compelling. In vitro testing with U-2OS osteosarcoma cells confirmed high cell viability, underscoring the cytocompatibility of these TPMS designs and reinforcing their potential for biomedical applications. Together, these findings offer a path toward the use of titanium scaffolds in orthopaedics, setting the stage for further in vivo studies and a potential breakthrough in functional bone implant design.Item Artists’ Care: supervision and care for those working in challenging and complex settings(University of Wolverhampton, 2025-02-03)
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