Amorim, TâniaFreitas, LauraMetsios, George S.Gomes, ThayseWyon, MatthewFlouris, Andreas D.Maia, JoséMarques, FranklimNogueira, LuísaAdubeiro, NunoKoutedakis, Yiannis2021-09-172021-09-172021-09-24Amorim, T., Freitas, L., Metsios, G. et al. (2021) Associations between nutrition, energy expenditure and energy availability with bone mass acquisition in dance students: A 3-year longitudinal study. Archives of Osteoporosis, 16, Article Number 141. doi: 10.1007/s11657-021-01005-51862-352210.1007/s11657-021-01005-5http://hdl.handle.net/2436/624347This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Springer in Archives of Osteoporosis on 24/09/2021. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-021-01005-5 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.Purpose To determine whether risk factors normally associated with low bone mass in athletic populations (i.e. nutrition intake, energy expenditure and energy availability) are significant predictors of bone mass changes in vocational dance students. Methods The total of 101 vocational dancers (63 females, 12.8±2.2yrs; 38 males, 12.7±2.2yrs) and 118 age-matched controls (50 females, 13.0±2.1yrs; 68 males, 13.0±1.8yrs) were monitored for three consecutive years. Bone mass parameters were measured annually at impact sites (femoral neck – FN; lumber spine – LS) and non-impact site (forearm) using DXA. Nutrition (3-day record), energy expenditure (accelerometer), energy availability and IGF-1 serum concentration (immunoradiometric assays) were also assessed. Results Female and male vocational dancers had consistently reduced bone mass at all anatomical sites (p<0.001) than controls. IGF-1 did not differ between male vocational dancers and controls, but female dancers showed it higher than controls. At baseline, calcium intake was significantly greater in female vocational dancers than controls (p<0.05). Male vocational dancers’ fat and carbohydrate intakes were significantly lower than matched controls (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). Energy availability of both female and male vocational dancers was within the normal range. A significant group effect was found at the FN regarding energy intake (p<0.05) in female dancers. No significant predictors were found to explain bone mass differences in males. Conclusion Our 3-years study revealed that both female and male vocational dancers displayed lower bone mass compared to controls, at both impact and non-impact sites. The aetiology of these findings may be grounded on factors different than those usually considered in athletic populations.application/pdfenBMCBMDFollow-upballetathletic populationfemale athlete trialJournal articleArchives of Osteoporosis2021-09-17141