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Sex differences in the acoustic structure of terrestrial alarm calls in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)
Notman, Hugh Barrett, Louise Henzi, Peter Pavelka, Mary S.M.
Notman, Hugh
Barrett, Louise
Henzi, Peter
Pavelka, Mary S.M.
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2024-08-20
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Abstract
The alarm calls of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) have been the subject of considerable focus by researchers, owing primarily to the purported referential qualities of different alarm call types. With this focus on reference, acoustic variation among calls elicited by the same range of predators has typically been overlooked. Specifically, at least one type of alarm call—the terrestrial alarm—was described over 50 years ago as being acoustically distinct between males and females—a description that has largely eluded more systematic scrutiny. Here, we provide a quantitative acoustic analysis and comparison of terrestrial alarm calls produced by adult male and female vervet monkeys. We use a random forest model to determine which acoustic variables best distinguish between the calls of males and females, and use an unsupervised clustering technique to objectively determine whether alarms produced by each sex fall into discrete types. We found that the calls of males and females differed most in frequency-based parameters, with male alarms containing more energy at lower frequencies relative to females. Calls produced by males were also of longer duration, and consisted of longer individual call elements relative to female calls. While calls generally fell into clusters associated with either male or female alarms, we found that some fell into atypical clusters given the caller's sex, and that the clusters themselves showed evidence of intergradation. We discuss these results in terms of potential differences in the function of, and motivation for, calling by males and females. We emphasize the need for a more holistic approach to the classification of vocal signals that considers contextual, functional, and structural variation.
Citation
Dubreuil, C., Notman, H., Barrett, L., Henzi, P. and Pavelka, M.S.M. (2024) Sex differences in the acoustic structure of terrestrial alarm calls in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). American Journal of Primatology, 87 (1), article number e23674. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23674
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39162128 (pubmed)
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Journal article
Language
en
Description
© 2024 The Authors. Published by Wiley. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23674
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ISSN
0275-2565
EISSN
1098-2345
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Sponsors
Funding for this research was provided by National Research Foundation (South Africa) grants (S. Peter Henzi), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Colin Dubreuil, Louise Barrett, Mary S. M, Pavelka, Peter Henzi), the Killam Trust (Colin Dubreuil) and the Faculty of Graduate Studies at the University of Calgary.
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Licence for published version: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International