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Detectable respiratory SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA is associated with low vitamin D levels and high social deprivation
Livingston, Mark Plant, Aiden Dunmore, Simon Hartland, Andrew Jones, Stephen Laing, Ian Ramachandran, Sudarshan
Livingston, Mark
Plant, Aiden
Dunmore, Simon
Hartland, Andrew
Jones, Stephen
Laing, Ian
Ramachandran, Sudarshan
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2021-04-24
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Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence links COVID‐19 incidence and outcomes with vitamin D status. We investigated if an interaction existed between vitamin D levels and social deprivation in those with and without COVID‐19 infection. Methods Upper‐ or lower‐respiratory tract samples from 104 patients were tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in accordance with Public Health England criteria (January–May 2020) using RT‐PCR. The latest serum total 25‐hydroxyvitamin D(25‐OHD) levels, quantified by LC‐MS/MS, was obtained for each patient (September 2019–April 2020). Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) was generated for each patient. Univariate and logistic regression analyses examined associations between age, gender, 25‐OHD, IMD score and SARS‐CoV‐2 result in the total cohort and subgroups. Results In the total cohort, a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 test was significantly associated with lower 25‐OHD levels and higher IMD. A positive test was associated with higher IMD in the male subgroup and with lower 25‐OHD levels in those aged >72 years. Low 25‐OHD and IMD quintile 5 were separately associated with positive COVID‐19 outcome in the cohort. Patients in IMD quintile 5 with vitamin D levels ≤34.4 nmol/L were most likely to have a positive COVID‐19 outcome, even more so if aged >72 years (OR: 19.07, 95%CI: 1.71–212.25; p=0.016). Conclusions In this cohort, combined low vitamin D levels and higher social deprivation were most associated with COVID‐19 infection. In older age, this combination was even more significant. Our data supports the recommendations for normalising vitamin D levels in those with deficient / insufficient levels and in groups at high‐risk for deficiency.
Citation
Livingston, M., Plant, A., Dunmore, S., Hartland, A., Jones, S., Laing, I. and Ramachandran, S. (2021) Detectable respiratory SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA is associated with low vitamin D levels and high social deprivation. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(7) Article Number e14166. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14166
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Journal article
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en
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This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Wiley in International Journal of Clinical Practice, available online: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14166
The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.
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ISSN
1368-5031
EISSN
1742-1241