Staphylococcus aureus biofilm: Morphology, genetics, pathogenesis and treatment strategies
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a nosocomial bacterium causing different infectious diseases, rang-ing from skin and soft tissue infections to more serious and life-threatening infections such as sep-ticaemia. S. aureus forms a complex structure of extracellular polymeric biofilm that provides a fully secured and functional environment for the formation of microcolonies, their sustenance and recol-onization of sessile cells after its dispersal. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm protects the cells against hostile conditions, i.e., changes in temperature, limitations or deprivation of nutrients and dehydra-tion, and, more importantly, protects the cells against antibacterial drugs. Drugs are increasingly becoming partially or fully inactive against S. aureus as they are either less penetrable or totally impenetrable due to the presence of biofilms surrounding the bacterial cells. Other factors, such as evasion of innate host immune system, genome plasticity and adaptability through gene evolution and exchange of genetic material, also contribute to the ineffectiveness of antibacterial drugs. This increasing tolerance to antibiotics has contributed to the emergence and rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a serious problem that has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality of human and animal populations globally, in addition to causing huge financial losses to the global economy. The purpose of this review is to highlight different aspects of S. aureus biofilm formation and its overall architecture, individual biofilm constituents, clinical implications and role in pathogenesis and drug resistance. The review also discusses different techniques used in the qualitative and quantitative investigation of S. aureus biofilm and various strategies that can be employed to inhibit and eradicate S. aureus biofilm.Citation
Idrees, M., Sawant, S., Karodia, N. and Rahman, A. (2021) Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm: Morphology, Genetics, Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18147602Publisher
MDPIJournal
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthPubMed ID
34300053 (pubmed)Additional Links
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/14/7602Type
Journal articleLanguage
enDescription
© 2021 The Authors. Published by MDPI. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147602ISSN
1660-4601EISSN
1660-4601Sponsors
M.I. was funded by Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton.ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.3390/ijerph18147602
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Licence for published version: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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