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dc.contributor.authorHerbert, AJ
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, AG
dc.contributor.authorHennis, PJ
dc.contributor.authorErskine, RM
dc.contributor.authorSale, C
dc.contributor.authorDay, SH
dc.contributor.authorStebbings, GK
dc.date.accessioned2019-06-11T15:39:23Z
dc.date.available2019-06-11T15:39:23Z
dc.date.issued2019-01-30
dc.identifier.citationHerbert, A. J., Williams, A. G., Hennis, P. J., Erskine, R. M., Sale, C., Day, S. H. and Stebbings, G. K. (2019) The interactions of physical activity, exercise and genetics and their associations with bone mineral density: implications for injury risk in elite athletes, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(1), pp. 29-47.en
dc.identifier.pmid30377780
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s00421-018-4007-8en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2436/622434
dc.description.abstract© 2018, The Author(s). Low bone mineral density (BMD) is established as a primary predictor of osteoporotic risk and can also have substantial implications for athlete health and injury risk in the elite sporting environment. BMD is a highly multi-factorial phenotype influenced by diet, hormonal characteristics and physical activity. The interrelationships between such factors, and a strong genetic component, suggested to be around 50–85% at various anatomical sites, determine skeletal health throughout life. Genome-wide association studies and case–control designs have revealed many loci associated with variation in BMD. However, a number of the candidate genes identified at these loci have no known associated biological function or have yet to be replicated in subsequent investigations. Furthermore, few investigations have considered gene–environment interactions—in particular, whether specific genes may be sensitive to mechanical loading from physical activity and the outcome of such an interaction for BMD and potential injury risk. Therefore, this review considers the importance of physical activity on BMD, genetic associations with BMD and how subsequent investigation requires consideration of the interaction between these determinants. Future research using well-defined independent cohorts such as elite athletes, who experience much greater mechanical stress than most, to study such phenotypes, can provide a greater understanding of these factors as well as the biological underpinnings of such a physiologically “extreme” population. Subsequently, modification of training, exercise or rehabilitation programmes based on genetic characteristics could have substantial implications in both the sporting and public health domains once the fundamental research has been conducted successfully.en
dc.formatapplication/PDFen
dc.languageeng
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLCen
dc.relation.urlhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00421-018-4007-8en
dc.rightsLicence for published version: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectHumansen
dc.subjectAthletic Injuriesen
dc.subjectGenetic Predisposition to Diseaseen
dc.subjectExerciseen
dc.subjectBone Densityen
dc.subjectAthletesen
dc.titleThe interactions of physical activity, exercise and genetics and their associations with bone mineral density: implications for injury risk in elite athletesen
dc.typeJournal articleen
dc.identifier.eissn1439-6327
dc.identifier.journalEuropean Journal of Applied Physiologyen
dc.date.updated2019-06-04T08:10:40Z
dc.contributor.institutionDepartment of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK. adam.herbert@bcu.ac.uk.
pubs.place-of-publicationGermany
dc.date.accepted2018-10-04
rioxxterms.funderUniversity of Wolverhamptonen
rioxxterms.identifier.projectUOW110619SDen
rioxxterms.versionVoRen
rioxxterms.licenseref.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate2019-06-11en
dc.source.volume119
dc.source.issue1
dc.source.beginpage29
dc.source.endpage47
dc.description.versionPublished version
refterms.dateFCD2019-06-11T15:39:13Z
refterms.versionFCDVoR
refterms.dateFOA2019-06-11T15:39:24Z


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Licence for published version: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Licence for published version: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International