Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms.
Authors
Svensson, Magdalena SNekaris, K A I
Bearder, Simon K
Bettridge, Caroline M
Butynski, Thomas M
Cheyne, Susan M
Das, Nabajit
de Jong, Yvonne A
Luhrs, Averee M
Luncz, Lydia V
Maddock, Simon T
Perkin, Andrew
Pimley, Elizabeth
Poindexter, Stephanie A
Reinhardt, Kathleen D
Spaan, Denise
Stark, Danica J
Starr, Carly R
Nijman, Vincent
Issue Date
2018-07-01
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Synthesize information on sleep patterns, sleep site use, and daytime predation at sleep sites in lorisiforms of Asia and Africa (10 genera, 36 species), and infer patterns of evolution of sleep site selection. We conducted fieldwork in 12 African and six Asian countries, collecting data on sleep sites, timing of sleep and predation during daytime. We obtained additional information from literature and through correspondence. Using a phylogenetic approach, we established ancestral states of sleep site selection in lorisiforms and traced their evolution. The ancestral lorisiform was a fur-clinger and used dense tangles and branches/forks as sleep sites. Use of tree holes and nests as sleep sites emerged ∼22 Mya (range 17-26 Mya) in Africa, and use of bamboo emerged ∼11 (7-14) Mya in Asia and later in Africa. Fur clinging and some sleep sites (e.g., tree holes, nests, but not bamboo or dense tangles) show strong phylogenetic signal. Nests are used by Galagoides, Paragalago, Galago and Otolemur; tree holes by Galago, Paragalago, Sciurocheirus and Perodicticus; tangles by Nycticebus, Loris, Galagoides, Galago, Euoticus, Otolemur, Perodicticus and Arctocebus; all but Sciurocheirus and Otolemur additionally sleep on branches/forks. Daytime predation may affect sleep site selection and sleep patterns in some species of Nycticebus, Galago, Galagoides, Otolemur and Perodicticus. Most lorisiforms enter their sleep sites around sunrise and leave around sunset; several are active during twilight or, briefly, during daytime. Variations in sleep behavior, sleep patterns and vulnerability to daytime predation provide a window into the variation that was present in sleep in early primates. Overall, lorisiforms use the daytime for sleeping and no species can be classified as cathemeral or polycyclic.Publisher
WileyJournal
American Journal of Physical AnthropologyPubMed ID
29989160Additional Links
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.23450Type
Journal articleLanguage
enISSN
1096-8644ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.1002/ajpa.23450
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