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Differential expression of PMCA2 mRNA isoforms in a cohort of Spanish patients with breast tumor types© Romero-Lorca et al. The present study examined the mRNA expression levels of different isoforms of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase 2 (PMCA2) gene generated by alternative splicing at the first intracellular loop (site A) and C-terminal region (site C) in 85 human breast cancer tumor and 69 adjacent non-tumor tissues. Associations were identified between the expression of PMCA2 splice isoforms and the following clinical variables: Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, tumor size, staging and histological classification, and lymph node status. Transcripts including splice site A or splice site C were amplified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction using PMCA2 isoform-specific primers. Tumor and adjacent tissues were determined to express the different PMCA2 splice isoforms 2w, 2x and 2z (site A), and 2b (site C). The mRNA levels for these variants indicated high biological variability, but increased expression was observed in breast tumor tissues, compared with in adjacent tissues. Significantly increased PMCA2x/b expression levels were detected in breast tumor tissues histologically classified as lobulillar, compared with in ductal-types breast tumor tissues (P<0.028). Furthermore, PMCA2z expression was significantly associated with PR status (P<0.024, compared with in PR-negative tumor tissues), and PMCA2w expression was significantly associated with ER status (P<0.048, increased in ER-positive tumor tissues, compared with ER-negative tumor tissues). Finally, PMCA2b was overexpressed in HER2-positive tumor tissues, compared with in HER2-negative tumor tissues (P<0.014). The data demonstrated the differential mRNA expression of a number of splice site A and C variants of PMCA2 in breast tumor and adjacent tissues, depending on tumor hormone receptor status and histological classification. In agreement with previous data, PMCA2b was overexpressed in HER2-positive tumor tissues, indicating that high mRNA levels of this variant could be a marker of poor prognosis.
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Translating English verbal collocations into Spanish: On distribution and other relevant differences related to diatopic variationLanguage varieties should be taken into account in order to enhance fluency and naturalness of translated texts. In this paper we will examine the collocational verbal range for prima-facie translation equivalents of words like decision and dilemma, which in both languages denote the act or process of reaching a resolution after consideration, resolving a question or deciding something. We will be mainly concerned with diatopic variation in Spanish. To this end, we set out to develop a giga-token corpus-based protocol which includes a detailed and reproducible methodology sufficient to detect collocational peculiarities of transnational languages. To our knowledge, this is one of the first observational studies of this kind. The paper is organised as follows. Section 1 introduces some basic issues about the translation of collocations against the background of languages’ anisomorphism. Section 2 provides a feature characterisation of collocations. Section 3 deals with the choice of corpora, corpus tools, nodes and patterns. Section 4 covers the automatic retrieval of the selected verb + noun (object) collocations in general Spanish and the co-existing national varieties. Special attention is paid to comparative results in terms of similarities and mismatches. Section 5 presents conclusions and outlines avenues of further research.
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Packaging a Posy of Perversity: Eduardo Marquina’s 1905 Spanish Translation of Les Fleurs du malThis essay adopts a cultural rather than a descriptive approach to explore the translation strategy exhibited by Eduardo Marquina’s 1905 Spanish translation of Charles Baudelaire’s Les Fleurs du mal. Following a survey of the reception of Baudelaire’s work in Spain from 1857 to 1910 and its translation from the 1880s, the essay develops the hypothesis that Marquina’s transformations of the source text work to accommodate the poetological conventions of a Spanish literary system primed, from well before this first translation of the poems appeared, to react unfavourably to the verse by a critical discourse that predominantly portrayed Baudelaire’s poetry as unpalatably or counterproductively transgressive. It argues that this accommodation was achieved by stylistic strategies embodying elements of performance that function to ‘deflect’ the force of potentially contentious propositional content.
