Education systems which aspire to respect and address equally and inclusively the developmental, educational and social ambitions of all learners require strengthened understanding of the notion of ‘pedagogy’. This chapter explores this concept: What does pedagogy mean? What does it entail? In particular in relation to the focus of this book: What is the relevance of pedagogy to potentially disadvantaged groups within values, policy and practice for all learners? Issues considered are whether there can be ‘pedagogy for inclusion’ and, if so, what kind of conflicts and questions this needs to address. In examining these issues, the chapter invites readers’ engagement in pedagogical discourse, a process which has the potential to inform educators’ thinking and activity and thereby strengthen learning for all learners.