Authors
Anwary, Arif RezaAdvisors
Berryman, FionaPynsent, Paul
Mynors, Diane
Issue Date
2012
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
In this research, Procrustes and Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) have been investigated for analysing the three-dimensional shape and form of the human back. Procrustes analysis is used to distinguish deformed backs from normal backs. EDMA is used to locate the changes occurring on the back surface due to spinal deformity (scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis) for back deformity patients. A surface topography system, ISIS2 (Integrated Shape Imaging System 2), is available to measure the three-dimensional back surface. The system presents clinical parameters, which are based on distances and angles relative to certain anatomical landmarks on the back surface. Location, rotation and scale definitely influence these parameters. Although the anatomical landmarks are used in the present system to take some account of patient stance, it is still felt that variability in the clinical parameters is increased by the use of length and angle data. Patients also grow and so their back size, shape and form change between appointments with the doctor. Instead of distances and angles, geometric shape that is independent of location, rotation and scale effects could be measured. This research is mainly focusing on the geometric shape and form change in the back surface, thus removing the unwanted effects. Landmarks are used for describing back information and an analysis of the variability in positioning the landmarks has been carried out for repeated measurements. Generalized Procrustes analysis has been applied to all normal backs to calculate a mean Procrustes shape, which is named the standard normal shape (SNS). Each back (normal and deformed) is then translated, rotated and scaled to give a best fit with the SNS using ordinary Procrustes analysis. Riemannian distances are then estimated between the SNS and all individual backs. The highest Riemannian distance value between the normal backs and the SNS is lower than the lowest Riemannian distance value between the deformed backs and the SNS. The results shows that deformed backs can be differentiated from normal backs. EDMA has been used to estimate a mean form, variance-covariance matrix and mean form difference from all the normal backs. This mean form is named the standard normal form (SNF). The influence of individual landmarks for form difference between each deformed back and the SNF is estimated. A high value indicates high deformity on the location of that landmark and a low value close to 1 indicates less deformity. The result is displayed in a graph that provides information regarding the degree and location of the deformity. The novel aspects of this research lie in the development of an effective method for assessing the three-dimensional back shape; extracting automatic landmarks; visualizing back shape and back form differences.Publisher
University of WolverhamptonType
Thesis or dissertationLanguage
enDescription
A thesis submitted to the department of Engineering and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Production and Manufacturing Engineering at the University of WolverhamptonCollections
Related items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
-
Transition from elastic to plastic deformation as asperity contact size is increasedYong, C. W.; Smith, W.; Dhir, A.; Kendall, K. (Tribology Letters, 2007-01)Contacts between a clean sodium chloride pyramidal shaped asperity and a plane NaCl surface have been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. For small contacts, a few atoms across, the asperity jumped to contact and behaved elastically as normal load was applied. Then, when the force was reversed to detach the asperity, brittle failure occurred without any damage to the crystalline materials. However, as the contact size of the asperity was increased to 6×6 atoms in area, the mechanism of detachment was seen to alter. The jump to contact was elastic and damage free, but the separation could not be achieved elastically, but required plastic deformation, giving extensive energy dissipation and severe damage as edge defects propagated through the asperity. Above this contact size, plastic flow was dominant. However, there is clearly a further transition back to elastic fracture once the asperity becomes large enough for Griffith-type cracking to propagate above 1μm in size, since large sodium chloride contacts are known to be brittle above the micrometre scale, depending on the presence of crack initiating defects. Transition from elastic to plastic deformation as asperity contact size is increased | Request PDF. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225130915_Transition_from_elastic_to_plastic_deformation_as_asperity_contact_size_is_increased [accessed Jul 05 2018].
-
Empirical Relationship between Rock Structure Rating and Modulus of DeformationRama Sarma, K.; Sarsby, Robert W. (ASCE Research Library, 2005)During the early stages of construction of a railway line in southeast India, the tunneling works encountered numerous problems, such as rock falls, major water inflow, etc. In order to progress the works, it was necessary to undertake thorough classification of the rock masses and to obtain values of the in situ modulus of deformation for inputting into numerical analyses. It was not feasible to conduct a large number of in situ determinations of the modulus of deformation. Hence, an attempt was made to establish an empirical relationship between rock structure rating and modulus of deformation (Em) for the rock masses through which the railway passed. This was done using data from tests conducted on rock samples taken from 45 boreholes at various locations along the railway line, particularly in tunnel sections where distress was observed. (ASCE)
-
The Effect of Age on Spinal Range of Motion: A ReviewBryant, Janine; Russell, Jeff; Koutedakis, Yiannis; Wyon, Matthew A. (Research Open World, 2018)Reduced spinal mobility may result in activity limitations and participation restrictions, which could subsequently affect quality of life. This literature review examined the effects of aging on spinal range of motion (ROM). Two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were searched using the MeSH terms spine, aging, range of motion, athlete, human and collagen. Two hundred twenty-four articles were identified; 210 of these were rejected as not directly relevant with the current review. The accepted articles (n=14) were categorized into four participant groups (athletes, clinical, elderly, and general). Each of the studies was analyzed and assigned a quality grade using the GRADE system provided by the American Dietetic Association. The results suggested that aging causes increased risk for spinal fractures and loss of ROM and bone density. For women, spinal deformity and vertebral compression fractures may lead to impaired mobility and quality of life. More research is needed on the effects of the aging spine in relation to overall health, quality of life and socio-economic status.