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    Subjectsdepression (3)Academic performance (2)Antibiotic resistance (2)Anticholinergic burden (2)biologic therapies (2)View MoreJournalInternational Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research (8)International Journal of Current Research (8)International Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (4)European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (3)European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences (2)View MoreAuthors
    Morrissey, Hana (49)
    Ball, Patrick (32)Ball, Patrick A. (3)Waidyarathne, Eisha .I. (3)Zawahir, Shukry (3)View MoreYear (Issue Date)2019 (22)2017 (15)2018 (12)TypesJournal article (46)Chapter in book (3)

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    A study to identify the issues and barriers experienced when changes to a patient medication regimen are recommended by pharmacists in the community setting in Australia

    Morrissey, Hana; Ball, Patrick (International Journal of Current Research, 2018-02-01)
    Background: In Australia, 10-16% acute hospital admissions is related to medication. Home medication review is offered to patients using multiple medications, those with narrow therapeutic-index. It is also recommended for people with recent changes to their medication, who were recently discharged from hospital or who have difficulties with their medication. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify issues that arise during the process and explore the barriers experienced when changes to patient medication regimen are recommended. Setting: All interviews were conducted in Australia in patients’ homes in accordance with the appropriate guidelines. Method: This study used historical data from past consultations conducted in Australia. The audit was approved by the University of Wolverhampton Human Research Ethics Committee. It is based on anonymised historical data. Main outcome measure: This audit explored improvement in patient health outcomes and service satisfaction Results: Out of 28 home medication reviews, only two occasions were the pharmacist’s recommendations, actioned. On eight occasions, the clinic receptionist acknowledged the receipt of the report but it was not actioned and on 18 occasions no response was received from the doctor or the clinic receptionist. Conclusion: This audit suggests four important areas in the home medication review process require review; the initiation of home medication review, the requirement for diagnostics and recent history to be provided prior to the review, the need to for discussion between the doctors and pharmacists around the recommendations and whether they will be actioned or the reason if they will not be actioned.
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    The effect of medication reviews on reducing medication anticholinergic burden in elderly patients

    Abed. H; Morrissey, Hana; Ball, Patrick (International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, 2017-11-30)
    Anticholinergic side effects of medications often misdiagnosed as cognitive function decline in the elderly. The study aims to explore the effectiveness of home medication reviews on reducing anticholinergic burden caused by medications with anticholinergic properties in elderly patients in Australia. The study was a qualitative, prospective, observational case-control study. Interviews at baseline and six-month were performed. Medications changes were theoretically possible to reduce the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden score, but occasionally are impractical to implement. When it was safe to implement, recommendations were in most cases dismissed by doctors. The study could not draw a clear conclusion on pharmacist ability to improve older patients’ cognitive functions as the recommendations were not tested. The home medication review process is lacking the step that obligate the referring doctor to communicate the reason for not implementing the recommendations made by the pharmacist who needs to be addressed by Medicare. This will ensure that medication use is optimised.
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    Academic anxiety and its effects on academic performance

    Mirawdali, Shangal; Morrissey, Hana; Ball, Patrick (International Journal of Current Research, 2018-06-28)
    Academic anxiety is a well-established, significant predictor of academic performance. Students with high levels of anxiety are unable to perform at the best of their ability. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of academic anxiety and its effects on academic performance and explore if social and family sources of anxiety have effects on academic performance. This was a cross-sectional study design utilising questionnaire based on pre-validated tools was used to determine the extent of academic anxiety and evaluate its effect on students with high and low academic performance. A sample of 132 pharmacy undergraduates from stages 3 and 4 enrolled at the University of Wolverhampton, participated in this project. Academic performance was significantly associated with factors such as test anxiety, academic competence and time management skills. A high proportion of the study population indicated low academic performance due to perceived course load and amount of study material assigned for each examination. A positive relationship was observed between social and family sources of anxiety and academic performance and stressors. This study also demonstrated that demographic variables, such as family history of anxiety and different stages may have positive or negative effect on academic performance. This study revealed the high level of academic anxiety among the MPharm undergraduates study sample and identified some influential sources which need to be addressed to improve students’ experience. It is important to develop strategies to facilitate students coping strategies and skills with academic life in order to improve future performance.
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    Prophylactic antibiotic use in orthopaedic surgery - is it worth it?

    Patel, Bhavini; Morrissey, Hana; Rahman, Ayesha (EJBPS, 2018-08-01)
    Introduction: The administration of pre-operative prophylactic antibiotic is widely accepted in decreasing the risk of developing surgical site infections in orthopaedic surgery. The choice of antibiotic, duration, dosage and use of antibiotic laden bone cement varies substantially in clinical practise. Aims: This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association of antibiotic choice, duration and dosage on the prevalence of surgical site infections in different types of orthopaedic surgery (hip replacements, knee arthroplasty, spinal surgery, ankle and foot surgery, shoulder surgery) and the identification of causative microorganisms. Methods: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE databases, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register published in the Cochrane Library, and Science Direct from January 2000-February 2018. Outcomes of interest included presence of post-operative surgical site infections. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool was used to assess the risk of bias, extract outcomes of interest and to identify studies for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Results: The literature search revealed 169 studies out of which 18 studies were analysed and ultimately six studies in total were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled data investigating the post-operative deep surgical site infections rates favouring the use of prophylactic antibiotics (p=0.03). Only one study showed statistical significance (p=0.041) favouring the usage of high dosage antibiotic loaded bone cement in hemiarthroplasty procedures. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis recommends the use of high-dose antibiotic loaded bone cement and prophylactic oral antibiotics concurrently and as indicated, to prevent surgical site infections in hemiarthroplasties. The duration of prophylactic antibiotic use should be restricted to 24 hours commenced preoperatively or within 1-2 hours from incision. This systematic review also highlights the urgent need for more double blind RCT to validate the prophylactic use of antibiotics.
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    Do Mental Health First Aid™ courses enhance knowledge?

    Morrissey, Hana; Moss, Simon; Alexi, Nektarios; Ball, Patrick (Emerald, 2017-03-13)
    Purpose Biased assumptions and unhelpful tendencies in human nature can lead people who are experiencing mental illness to shun help and support. Mental illness is often perceived as immutable and/or a sign of weakness. Even those seeking support may not receive the assistance they need. Advice may be unsuitable or people feel too nervous and challenged to help. The Mental Health First Aid™ courses, like general first aid, are designed to enhance community knowledge and thereby support appropriate assistance. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which this is achieved. Design/methodology/approach An educational audit based upon a short quiz administered anonymously to 162 tertiary students from a range of disciplines, before and after delivery of the standard 12 hour Mental Health First Aid™ course. This was used to examine assumptions and proposed actions before and after training. Findings Analysis of the 162 responses found that the Mental Health First Aid™ courses significantly improve knowledge. This has the potential to increase understanding and support for those suffering mental illness. Research limitations/implications This educational audit looked only at knowledge improvement. Whether this really does translate into improved outcomes requires further investigation. Practical implications Tertiary students who are enrolled in health courses and others which involve human interaction as provision of services will be empowered with skills that enable them to interact with those who they will be serving at well-informed level and equity. Social implications Social inclusion and de-stigmatising mental health issues Originality/value Mental health first aid courses potentially enable individuals who are not otherwise involved in mental health to assist people in need.
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    Pharmacy studentsʼ preparedness to communicate with mental health disorders patients

    Chow, Claudia; Morrissey, Hana; Ball, Patrick (Wolters Kluwer Health, 2018-04-01)
    The aim of this project was to explore whether fourth-year pharmacy students in England are prepared to communicate with mental health patients. Mental health problems are rising in the United Kingdom, affecting around one in four people. A questionnaire-based study measured the knowledge about and attitude toward mental health problems. Participants were fourth-year pharmacy students from two west midlands universities. More males than females correctly answered the “attitude towards mental health” questions. However, overall, only 45.5% of students answered the “attitude towards mental health problems” questions correctly. Males demonstrated a better level of knowledge than females, with 33% overall answering 6 or more questions of the 13 knowledge questions correctly. Sixty-five percent of participants scored under 50%. The highest total score was 81%, and the lowest was 19%, three people did not answer any questions. In conclusion, a gap in knowledge was identified within the fourth-year pharmacy student cohort, and more intervention will be required to improve knowledge and attitudes such as the Mental Health First Aid courses.
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    Education case study reports reflection on teaching strategies for pharmacy students

    Morrissey, Hana; Ball, Patrick (FIP, 2017-12-31)
    Introduction: Teaching should meet the needs of all types of learner present in the class room; the activist, the reflector, the theorist and the pragmatist who also have diverse backgrounds, levels of education and are from different age groups. Aim: The aim of the four projects was to improve students’ engagement and success. Method: New teaching strategies were trialled to improve students’ engagement and successes with topics which according to their feedback were considered ‘dry’. The author utilised techniques such as flipping the class-room, simulation, case or problem based learning; and group work replacing traditional lectures. First, third and fourth year students were asked to prepare for the in-class activities at home using the lectures or simulation software. Results: The strategies were effective in a small class size of 15-20 students, with improved attendance and participation, improved fail/pass rate and number of students achieving credit or pass; however there was no significant change in the number of students achieving high distinction or distinction. Evaluation: Reproducibility is an important part of the experiment to demonstrate that the results can be trusted. Success with one or two cohorts is not sufficient to adopt a method of teaching. Ongoing evaluation is essential to eliminate cohort-related effects prior to implementation. It is not clear if the achieved results would be achievable in larger classes due to the reduction in student: lecturer ratio and limitation of class room time to allow all students to participate.
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    The effect of digital social entertainment on students' emotional well-being in higher education

    Aziz, Hamwar; Morrissey, Hana; Ball, Patrick (International Journal of Current Research, 2018-04-30)
    Digital Social Entertainment and Media is a broad term that covers multiple aspects which people use to interact with each other. The aim of this study was to explore the perception of students in higher education on the effect of digital social entertainment on their well-being. The study was a qualitative, questionnaire based included close-, case-based and open-ended questions. The questionnaire was administered to 112 University students who are studying at the University of Wolverhampton. The results showed that 93% used social media and most common reason was to contact family/friends. Most students responded to social media communications after midnight and 77% said they felt relaxed after watching a period of television for more than one hour. Music was also high ranked as a mean to improve mood. Most participants indicated that they would close all social media connections when affect their emotional well-being. This study concluded that DSEM is a common source affect lives of many people to different levels and extent, however the 57% of participants had positive experience on scale of 4 and 5 out of 5. They described it as the mean to remain connected to their loved ones, as important source for their learning and motivates people to change e.g. go to the gym. Fewer participants (29%, on scale of 4 and 5 out of 5) reported negative effects due to online pressure, bullying and reduction in face-to-face communication. Further larger scale study is required to confirm these findings.
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    What can be done to improve medicines adherence?

    Singh Samra, Jagjit; Ball, Patrick; Morrissey, Hana (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH, 2018-04-28)
    Background: Low rates of patients adhering to their medications is a major healthcare problem. This results in increased costs for healthcare providers. Aim: This review aimed to understand the causes and consequences of medicines nonadherence and to suggest effective methods to improve adherence. Method: The review focused on studies with primary outcome aimed at the impact of improving adherence on health outcomes and healthcare costs. Studies were appraised for their appropriateness as evidence using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool. An initial scoping search was carried out on the following databases: Cochrane Library, PubMed, BMJ, and NICE. A total of 63 literary sources were used (systemic reviews, trials, reports, studies) and a further 6 sources were used to provide definitions. The data was interpreted to detect for bias. Conclusion: This review highlights the need for further research to further understand the relationship between intentional and unintentional nonadherence among different patient groups, conditions and types of treatment. There is also need for research that are directly aiming to understand patient beliefs about and their medication adherence barriers; the financial cost of medicines nonadherence and developing models to improve integration between healthcare professions.
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    Pharmacists’ essential knowledge on cognitive impairment in the elderly population

    Abed, Howraa; Ball, Patrick; Morrissey, Hana (International journal of current research, 2017-11-30)
    Background: There are various factors which can lead to irreversible, reversible cognitive impairments. The progression of reversible cognitive disorders can be halted by identifying and treating the underlying cause. Aim of the Review: To expand pharmacists’ knowledge on underlying causes of cognitive impairment and investigate the possibility of pharmacist involvement in the identification of and/or protection against cognitive impairment. Method: A search of the literature was conducted through databases to identify studies in the English language of 1975-2016. Peer-reviewed articles and informational websites were included. Results: There are two broad classifications of cognitive impairment, irreversible and reversible cognitive impairment. Pharmacists can play an essential role in early detection of cognitive impairment caused by medications. Conclusion: Pharmacists have the potential to lead early detection of cognitive impairment caused by medications through appropriate management of the underlying problem. This may contribute to patients’ better health outcomes and quality of life.
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