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    A role for human endogenous retrovirus-K (HML-2) in rheumatoid arthritis: investigating mechanisms of pathogenesis.

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    Authors
    Freimanis, Graham L.
    Hooley, Paul
    Ejtehadi, H Dava
    Ali, H.A.
    Veitch, A.
    Rylance, P.
    Alawi, A.
    Axford, John
    Nevill, Alan M. cc
    Murray, Paul G.
    Nelson, Paul N.
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    Issue Date
    2010
    
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    Abstract
    Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections within the human genome. These molecular fossils draw parallels with present-day exogenous retroviruses and have been linked previously with immunopathology within rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Mechanisms of pathogenesis for HERV-K in RA such as molecular mimicry were investigated. To clarify a role for HERVs in RA, potential autoantigens implicated in autoimmunity were scanned for sequence identity with retroviral epitopes. Short retroviral peptides modelling shared epitopes were synthesized, to survey anti-serum of RA patients and disease controls. A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was also developed to quantify accurately levels of HERV-K (HML-2) gag expression, relative to normalized housekeeping gene expression. Both serological and molecular assays showed significant increases in HERV-K (HML-2) gag activity in RA patients, compared to disease controls. The real-time PCR assay identified significant up-regulation in HERV-K mRNA levels in RA patients compared to inflammatory and healthy controls. Exogenous viral protein expression and proinflammatory cytokines were also shown to exert modulatory effects over HERV-K (HML-2) transcription. From our data, it can be concluded that RA patients exhibited significantly elevated levels of HERV-K (HML-2) gag activity compared to controls. Additional factors influencing HERV activity within the synovium were also identified. The significant variation in RA patients, both serologically and transcriptionally, may be an indication that RA is an umbrella term for a number of separate disease entities, of which particular HERV polymorphisms may play a role in development.
    Citation
    Clinical and experimental immunology, 160 (3):340-7
    Publisher
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal
    Clinical and experimental immunology
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/2436/117096
    DOI
    10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04110.x
    PubMed ID
    20345981
    Type
    Journal article
    Language
    en
    ISSN
    1365-2249
    ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
    10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04110.x
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