• Body weight and mood state modifications in mixed martial arts: An exploratory pilot

      Brandt, Ricardo; Bevilacqua, Guilherme G; Coimbra, Danilo R; Pombo, Luiz C; Miarka, Bianca; Lane, Andrew M (Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2018-09-01)
      Brandt, R, Bevilacqua, GG, Coimbra, DR, Pombo, LC, Miarka, B, and Lane, AM. Body weight and mood state modifications in mixed martial arts: An exploratory pilot. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2548-2554, 2018-Mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters typically use rapid weight loss (RWL) as a strategy to make competition weight. The aim of the present study was to compare body weight and mood changes in professional male MMA athletes who used strategies to rapidly lose weight (n = 9) and with MMA athletes who did not (n = 3). Body mass and mood states of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor and total mood disturbance were assessed (a) 30 days before competition, (b) at the official weigh-in 1 day before competition, (c) 10 minutes before competition, and (d) 10 minutes postcompetition. Results indicated that RWL associated with reporting higher confusion and greater total mood disturbance at each assessment point. Rapid weight loss also associated with high anger at the official weigh-in. However, in performance, RWL did not have deleterious effects on performance. The RWL group also reported greater total mood disturbance at all assessment points with a moderate difference effect size. Research supports the notion that RWL associates with potentially dysfunctional mood states.
    • Bullying in adolescence: how do emotional traits distinguish those involved?

      Guy, Alexa; Lee, Kirsty; Wolke, Dieter (Springer, 2022-11-16)
      This current study investigated the emotional attributes associated with bullying perpetration and victimization in adolescence. The aim of the study was to identify differences and similarities in emotional traits between bullies, victims, bully-victims, and those uninvolved. Adolescents (N = 2754) from schools in England, UK, were screened for bullying involvement using self- and peer-reports, and were assigned to a ‘bully role’ (i.e., bully, victim, bully-victim, and uninvolved). A sub-sample of participants (N = 709, mean age = 13.94 years) then completed self-report measures of empathy (cognitive and affective), callous-unemotional (CU) traits, and affective instability. Bullies and bully-victims showed high levels of CU traits, whereas victims and bully-victims were high in affective instability. Bully-victims showed a unique emotional profile combining attributes shared both with bullies and victims; high levels of CU traits and affective instability, but also low levels of cognitive and affective empathy. The differences in emotional attributes found for these roles may help to identify adolescents at risk of being involved in, or currently involved in bullying, and may also provide some explanation for the different outcomes associated with these roles. These findings further emphasize the need for bully-victims to be assessed as an independent group.
    • Construct Validity of the Profile of Mood States

      Lane, Andrew M.; Terry, Peter C.; Fogarty, Gerard (Elsevier, 2007)
      Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to extend the validation of the Profile of Mood States-Adolescents (POMS-A: Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Keohane, L. (1999). Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 861-872) from adolescent to adult populations. Design: A strategy of assessing the invariance of the POMS-A factor structure among disparate samples and of testing relationships with concurrent measures was used. Methods: The POMS-A was administered to 2,549 participants from four samples: Adult athletes prior to competition (n = 621), adult student athletes in a classroom (n = 656), adolescent athletes prior to competition (n = 676), and adolescent students in a classroom (n = 596). A subset of 382 adult student athletes was used to test the criterion validity of the POMS-A. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of a 24-item, six-factor model using both independent and multi-sample analyses. Relationships between POMS-A scores and previously validated measures, that were consistent with theoretical predictions, supported criterion validity. Conclusion: Supporting evidence was found that the psychometric integrity of the POMS-A extended from adolescent to adult populations.
    • Distinctions between Emotion and Mood

      Lane, Andrew M.; Beedie, Chris; Terry, Peter C. (Taylor & Francis, 2007)
      Most academics agree that emotions and moods are related but distinct phenomena. The present study assessed emotion-mood distinctions among a non-academic population and compared these views with distinctions proposed in the literature. Content analysis of responses from 106 participants identified 16 themes, with cause (65% of respondents), duration (40%), control (25%), experience (15%) and consequences (14%) the most frequently cited distinctions. Among 65 contributions to the academic literature, eight themes were proposed, with duration (62% of authors), intentionality (41%), cause (31%), consequences (31%) and function (18%) the most frequently cited. When the eight themes cited by both academics and non-academics were rank ordered, approximately 60% overlap in opinion was evident. A data-derived summary of emotion-mood distinctions is provided. These data should prove useful to investigators interested in developing a clearer scientific distinction between emotion and mood than is currently available.
    • Emotional states of athletes prior to performance-induced injury

      Devonport, Tracey J.; Lane, Andrew M.; Hanin, Yuri (Asist Group, 2005)
      Psychological states experienced by athletes prior to injured, best and worst performances were investigated retrospectively using a mixed methodology. Fifty-nine athletes volunteered to complete an individualized assessment of performance states based on the Individual Zones of Optimal fFunctioning (IZOF) model. A subsection (n = 30) of participants completed a standardized psychometric scale (Brunel Mood Rating Scale: BRUMS), retrospectively describing how they felt before best, worst, and injured performances. IZOF results showed similar emotion states being identified for injured and best performances. Analysis of BRUMS scores indicated a significant main effect for differences in mood by performance outcome, with post-hoc analyses showing best performance was associated with lower scores on depression and fatigue and higher vigor than injured performance and worst performance. Worst performance was associated with higher fatigue and confusion than injured performance. Results indicate that retrospective emotional profiles before injured performance are closer to successful performance, than unsuccessful, and confirm differences between successful and unsuccessful performance. Qualitative and quantitative approaches used to retrospectively assess pre-performance emotional states before three performance outcomes, produced complimentary findings. Practical implications of the study are discussed.
    • Examining relationships between emotional intelligence and coaching efficacy.

      Thelwell, Richard C.; Lane, Andrew M.; Weston, Neil J. V.; Greenlees, Iain A. (International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP), 2008)
      The study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and coaching efficacy. Ninety-nine coaches completed the Emotional Intelligence Scale and the Coaching Efficacy Scale with the results of the canonical correlation suggesting significant relationships between the two sets of variables. Regression analyses suggested motivation efficacy to be significantly associated with the regulation of emotions, and social skills, whereas character-building efficacy was associated with optimism. Teaching technique efficacy was significantly associated with appraisal of own emotions with no significant predictors for game strategy efficacy. When viewed collectively, results provide an insight to how emotional intelligence relates to coaching efficacy and gives an indication to where applied work with coaches may be directed. Future research suggestions are also provided in reference to coach-related psychology.
    • Exploring the language of adolescent emotion and its relationship with psychological wellbeing and therapeutic experience

      Apter, Nora (2017)
      The study of emotional language use and production within UK adolescent therapeutic populations has received relatively little attention compared to other client-, process- and outcome factor research. In recent years, novel and distinct methods of delivering therapy that rely on the production and interpretation of language are increasing in popularity, compared to traditional therapeutic models that use non-verbal aspects of communication in the therapeutic process. In order to explore how aspects of emotional language production may inform clinicians about therapeutic interventions with a UK adolescent population, two studies were designed to analyse how adolescents use written emotional language to indicate their psychological wellbeing, identity and agency development through receipt of psychological intervention. A quantitative study was designed to measure therapeutic and non-therapeutic adolescents’ production of positive and negative emotional word frequency through free-response narratives. Positive and negative emotional word frequencies were assessed for relationships with measures of trait emotional intelligence (TEIQue-ASF; Petrides et al., 2006) and psychological wellbeing (18-item PWBS; Clarke et al., 2001). Multiple regression analyses determined that trait emotional intelligence significantly predicted psychological wellbeing, but positive and negative emotional word production and therapeutic experience did not. A qualitative study using Parker’s (2005) methods of narrative analysis of limited narratives focused on exploring how adolescents who have experienced therapy construct narratives. The analysis illustrated the construction of agency in developing adolescent identities and accounts of helpful and unhelpful events in therapeutic interventions, which became the primary narrative genres. Emotional contexts were highlighted in exploring the functions of emotional language in constructing stories of adolescent agency and identity in therapy. The results of both studies, their contributions to, and implications for clinical practice and counselling psychology are discussed in relation to novel or modern methods of delivering therapeutic interventions tailored to this developmental population, and in the wider socio-political context.
    • Facial Expressions of Emotion: Influences of Configuration

      Cook, Fay (University of Wolverhampton, 2007-12)
      The dominant theory in facial expression research is the dual mode hypothesis. After reviewing the literature pertaining to the dual mode hypothesis within the recognition of facial identities and emotional expressions, seven experiments are reported testing the role of configural processing within the recognition of emotional expressions of faces. The main findings were that the dual mode hypothesis can be supported within the facial recognition of emotional expression. This and other more specific findings are then reviewed within the context of extant literature. Implications for future research and applications within applied psychology are then considered.
    • IAgent: a real time intelligent agent animation toolkit

      Wen, Zhigang; Mehdi, Qasim; Gough, Norman (University of Wolverhampton, School of Computing and Information Technology, 2004)
      This paper describes the design and implementation of IAgent: a real time intelligent agent animation toolkit on a PC platform. The animation system consists of 5 main components, namely environment, perception, behaviours, motion generator and rendering. The intelligent agent in the system is represented as a 3D human-like avatar that has a complex underlying structure with multiple degrees of freedom (DOFs). The agent relies on a fast virtual perception system to capture information from its environment and a behaviours system to determine what actions should be taken. A novel motion generation architecture and animation blending system have been developed to produce non-repetitive behaviours for the intelligent agent based on its momentary goal, internal and emotional states. The proposed system has been implemented in DirectX. Experiments have been carried out using the toolkit and the results have clearly demonstrated that the method produces convincing real time behaviours for a 3D virtual human agent.
    • Men and the Language of Emotions

      Galasinski, Dariusz (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)
      This book challenges the widely held stereotype that men either have an impoverished emotional life or are inhibited in talking about their emotions. In this major study of middle-aged and older heterosexual men, Dariusz Galasinski demonstrates that they talk about their emotions both indirectly and openly, that masculinity can be constructed in terms of emotions and emotionality in both men's as well as women's discourse. Taking a radically contextual notion of identity, the author argues further for a disassociation of father's identity from biological fatherhood, demonstrating that men can construct themselves as genderless parents. He shows how, faced with unemployment or other difficult experiences, men and women use the same discursive practices in expressing feelings of helplessness. Finally, the book challenges the notion that gender is relevant to all social interactions, concluding that class, ethnicity or employment are fare more significant. (Palgrave Macmillan)
    • Mood and concentration grid performance: effects of depressed mood

      Lane, Andrew M.; Terry, Peter C.; Beedie, Chris; Stevens, Matthew (Fitness Information Technology, 2004-01-01)
      The current study tested Lane and Terry’s (2000) proposal that depressed mood moderates anger-performance and tension-performance relationships. One hundred and thirty-six male sport students completed the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale followed by a concentration grid test. Participants were dichotomized into depressed mood (n = 59) and no depression (n = 77) groups. Structural equation modeling showed that mood predicted 41% of performance variance in the no-depression group and 31% in the depressed-mood group. As hypothesized, anger was associated with good performance in the no-depression group and poor performance in the depressedmood group, supporting the notion that depressed mood moderates the angerperformance relationship. Contrary to expectations, tension scores showed no significant relationship with performance in either group. Future research should continue to investigate the mechanisms underlying mood-performance relationships
    • Mood and Human Performance: Conceptual, Measurement, and Applied Issues.

      Lane, Andrew M. (Nova Publishers, 2006)
      Situations that are perceived to be personally important typically evoke intense mood states and emotions; individuals will try to control mood states and emotions, and mood and emotions influence our thoughts and behaviours. Providing the sound knowledge base is a driving factor behind a great deal of the ensuing research and forms the content of many of the chapters of this book. The book covers many aspects of mood in performance settings. Chapters focus on the nature of mood, the validity of mood measures and applied research. Theoretical issues on the nature of mood and a conceptual model of mood-performance relationships in sport is reviewed. Chapters include research on relationships between mood and performance, motivation, coping strategies, personality, eating attitudes, humour, and emotional intelligence. Mood responses to intense exercise, extreme environments, aqua-massage, and interventions to enhance mood are also covered. Each chapter provides recommendations for future research.
    • Mood and performance: test of a conceptual model with a focus on depressed mood

      Lane, Andrew M.; Terry, Peter C.; Beedie, Chris; Curry, David; Clark, Niall (Elsevier, 2001)
      Objectives. The present study tested a conceptual model of mood–performance relationships (J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 12 (2000) 16) which proposed that depressed mood would influence the intensity and inter-relationships of other mood responses, and moderate the anger–performance and tension–performance relationships. Design. To promote ecological validity, the model was tested in a field setting using a cross-sectional design. Methods. A sample of 451 schoolchildren [age: MEAN=12.4 years, standard deviation (SD)=1.3 years] completed the Profile of Mood States — Adolescents (POMS-A; J. Sports Sci. 17 (1999) 861) and stated a performance goal, approximately 10 minutes before a running event. Participants were divided into a depressed mood group (n=273) and a no-depression group (n=178) on the basis of responses to the POMS-A depression subscale. Results. As hypothesised, the depressed mood group reported higher scores for anger, confusion, fatigue and tension, and lower scores for vigour. Inter-correlations among these mood dimensions were stronger in the depressed mood group, who set easier goals and performed less well. Vigour was associated with facilitated performance regardless of depression. Anger was associated with debilitated performance in the depressed mood group and with facilitated performance in the no-depression group. Some support was shown for a moderating effect of depressed mood on the tension–performance relationship. The hypothesised curvilinear anger–performance and tension–performance relationships in the no-depression group did not emerge. Conclusion. The Lane and Terry model was generally, but not totally, supported. Future research should continue to investigate the mechanisms underlying mood–performance relationships.
    • Mood Matters: A response to Mellalieu

      Lane, Andrew M.; Beedie, Chris; Stevens, Matthew (Taylor & Francis, 2005)
      Psychological states such as mood, emotion, and affect have recently received a great deal of attention in the sport psychology literature (Hanin, 2000, 2003; Lane & Terry, 2000; Lazarus, 2000; Mellalieu, 2003). Lane and Terry (2000) proposed a definition of mood and a conceptual model of mood and performance with a focus on depression. Mellalieu (2003) provided detailed commentary and analysis of this work. We argue that although Mellalieu’s paper raised several important and justifiable concerns, in doing so it is arguably moving knowledge in circles rather than forwards. The present paper thus provides a response to Mellalieu’s commentary with reference to recent research.
    • Mood states, self-set goals, self-efficacy and performance in academic examinations

      Thelwell, Richard C.; Lane, Andrew M.; Weston, Neil J. V. (Elsevier Science B. V. Amsterdam, 2007)
      The present study investigated relationships between mood, performance goals, and both written and oral examination performance. Fifty-seven undergraduate students completed a mood measure that assessed the subscales of anger, calmness, confusion, depression, fatigue, happiness, tension and vigor, indicated the grade set as a goal for the examinations, and rated their confidence to achieve this goal. These measures were completed approximately 30 min before each examination. Structural equation modelling results indicated that mood states, self-efficacy and self-set goals predicted 20% of oral examination performance and 7% of written examination performance. In both samples, findings indicate that positive mood states are associated with self-efficacy to achieve self-set goals. We suggest that future research should look at the extent to which intervention strategies designed to enhance mood states are associated with enhanced performance.
    • Mood, self-set goals and examination performance: the moderating effect of depressed mood

      Lane, Andrew M.; Whyte, Gregory P.; Terry, Peter C.; Nevill, Alan M. (Elsevier B V, 2005)
      The purpose of the present study was to investigate relationships between mood, performance goals, and examination performance. We tested the notion that feelings of depressed mood are central to the overall mood response and influence the functional impact of anger and tension on performance (see Lane & Terry, 2000). Fifty undergraduate students completed a measure of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension and vigour approximately 10 min before a practical physiology examination. Participants also indicated the grade set as a goal for the examination, and rated their confidence to achieve this goal. Depressed mood data were analysed by dichotomising scores into depressed mood group (n = 23) or no-depressive symptoms group (n = 27). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was adopted to explore the association between mood and performance and whether any differences exist between the depression and no-depression groups. Results indicated that only the anger-performance relationship differed between the depression and no-depression groups, whereby anger was associated with improved performance in the no-depression group. MANOVA results indicated that depressed mood was associated with a negative mood profile and low goal-confidence scores. Future research should investigate relationships between mood states using an ideographic design and explore links between variations in mood with more stable psychological factors such as emotional intelligence.
    • Studying anxiety interpretations is useful for sport and exercise psychologists (debate).

      Mellalieu, Stephen D.; Lane, Andrew M. (The British Psychological Society, 2009)
      This is a transcript of an e-mail conversation between Steve Mellalieu and Andy Lane. Each e-mail contribution had a maximum word limit of 500 words and following each contribution the respondent had a maximum of two weeks to respond. It was first published in The Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, and the editor (referee) was Dr Marc Jones who was copied into all contributions.
    • The Influence of a Pacesetter on Psychological Responses and Pacing Behavior during a 1600 m Run

      Fullerton, Christopher L.; Lane, Andrew M.; Devonport, Tracey (Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2017-12-01)
      This study compared the effects of following a pacer versus following a self-paced plan on psychological responses and pacing behavior in well-trained distance runners. Pacing in the present study was individually tailored where each participant developed a personal strategy to ensure their goal time was achieved. We expected that following a pacer would associate with goal achievement, higher pre-run confidence, positive emotions and lower perceived exertion during performance. In a mixed-design repeated-measures study, nineteen well-trained runners completed two 1600m running time trials. Ten runners had a pacer (paced group) who supported their individual pacing strategy, and nine participants self-paced running alone (control group). Both groups could check pace using their wrist watch. In contrast to our expectation, results indicated that the paced group reported higher pre-run anxiety with no significant differences in finish time, goal confidence, goal difficulty, perceived exertion, and self-rated performance between groups. We suggest that following a pacer is a skill that requires learning. Following a personalised pacer might associate with higher anxiety due to uncertainty in being able to keep up with the pacer and public visibility of dropping behind, something that is not so observable in a self-paced run completed alone. Future research should investigate mechanisms associated with effective pacing.